29 marzo 2008

Cicli solari, 23 e 24 convivono sul minimo

Ho sperimentato nel corso del finesettimana pasquale gli effetti dell'improvviso ritorno di fiamma del ciclo numero 23, che ha fatto comparire sul disco solare tre nuove grosse macchie che hanno prodotto dei brillamenti. Il colpo di frusta ha rimescolato la banda delle onde medie e mi ha fatto ascoltare la rara Radio Senda, 1680 kHz, dalla Repubblica Domenicana. Avessi resistito un paio d'ore in più, avrei probabilmente registrato qualche stazione nordamericana rara. In questi giorni sarebbe troppo tardi, le condizioni aurorali favoriscono infatti i percorsi propagativi da sud verso nord. E infatti sulla costa ovest degli USA arriva bene l'Austrialia.
Ma perché ciclo 23? Non era già iniziato il numero 24? Questo articolo della NASA spiega che la situazione è del tutto normale. Nel periodo di minimo solare è abbastanza facile riscontrare una certa sovrapposizione di macchie di vecchia e nuova polarità. Le tre macchie succitate hanno l'orientamento nord-sud caratteristico del ciclo precedente. Secondo le prime stime, il massimo del ciclo 24 lo registreremo nel 2012. Abbiamo dunque quattro o cinque anni di rampa che potrebbero offrire diverse buone possibilità sulle onde corte più basse (dove ormai non esistono molte stazioni broadcast) e sulle onde medie "estreme". Se il prossimo minimo si verificherà nel 2018, temo che le stazioni broadcast analogiche in onde medie e corte saranno quasi completamente estinte.

March 28, 2008: Solar Cycle 23, how can we miss you if you won't go away?

Barely three months after forecasters announced the beginning of new Solar Cycle 24, old Solar Cycle 23 has returned. (Actually, it never left. Read on.)

"This week, three big sunspots appeared and they are all old cycle spots," says NASA solar physicist David Hathaway. "We know this because of their magnetic polarity." On March 28th the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) made this magnetic map of the sun:



It shows the north and south magnetic poles of the three sunspots. All are oriented according to the patterns of Solar Cycle 23. Cycle 24 spots would be reversed.

What's going on? Hathaway explains: "We have two solar cycles in progress at the same time. Solar Cycle 24 has begun (the first new-cycle spot appeared in January 2008), but Solar Cycle 23 has not ended."


Strange as it sounds, this is perfectly normal. Around the time of solar minimum--i.e., now--old-cycle spots and new-cycle spots frequently intermingle. Eventually Cycle 23 will fade to zero, giving way in full to Solar Cycle 24, but not yet.

Meanwhile, on March 25th, sunspot 989, the smallest of the three sunspots, unleashed an M2-class solar flare. Flares are measured on a "Richter scale" ranging from A-class (puny) to X-class (powerful). M-class flares are of medium intensity. This one hurled a coronal mass ejection or "CME" into space (movie), but the billion-ton cloud missed Earth.

While the CME was still plowing through the sun's atmosphere, amateur radio astronomer Thomas Ashcraft heard "a heaving sound" coming from the loudspeaker of his 21 MHz shortwave receiver in New Mexico: listen. It was a Type II solar radio burst generated by shock waves at the leading edge of the CME. A thousand miles away in Virginia, David Thomas recorded the same emissions on a chart recorder he connected to his 20 MHz ham rig: look. "What a pleasant surprise," says Thomas.




We could get more of this kind of activity in the next 7 to 10 days. It will take about that long for the sunspots to cross the face of the sun. The sun's rotation is turning the spots toward Earth, which means the next CME, if there is one, might not miss. CME strikes do no physical harm to Earth but they can cause Northern Lights, satellite glitches and, in extreme cases, power outages.

The real significance of these spots is what they say about the solar cycle, says Hathaway. "Solar Cycle 24 has begun, but we won't be through solar minimum until the number of Cycle 24 spots rises above the declining number of Cycle 23 spots." Based on this latest spate of "old" activity, he thinks the next Solar Max probably won't arrive until 2012.

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