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· For some of the candidate systems the necessary technical planning parameters are not fully available thus making it difficult to perform a systematic comparative technical analysis at this point in time.· A supplementary Report (to this Report) will be required to provide the technical elements and parameters needed for the introduction of digital systems in Band II.· There are issues with spectral bandwidth of some candidate systems relative to the planning provisions of GE84 which will make their use problematic in Band II which is heavily occupied by existing services, and which could necessitate re-planning if these systems were to be widely deployed.· Administrations do not wish to have another major planning conference to replace the GE84 Agreement for new digital services.· Administrations do not wish to lose their existing rights under the GE84 Plan. Consequently, there is a need for any incoming system to comply with the provisions of GE84 Agreement.· There may be program and technical licensing issues on a national basis. For example, an FM program licence may have been granted following an open competitive tender process for an individual single service, and any subsequent changes which would enable a multiplex capability to such an existing licensee could be problematic.
Saving the Neglected History of FM Radio’s Unsung PioneerBy JOSEPH PLAMBECKPublished: April 18, 2010The questions seemed simple enough: When and how did Edwin H. Armstrong, the father of FM radio, make the discovery that led to that invention?In 2007, Mischa Schwartz, an emeritus professor of electrical engineering at Columbia, tried to find the answer. He starting digging into some of the nearly 600 boxes of Armstrong’s archives donated to Columbia decades ago, only to find them disorganized and his quest complicated.He also saw the condition of the archives as a deterrent to other scholars who might be interested in Armstrong, a figure who largely fell out of public awareness — his name “sliding toward oblivion,” The New York Times wrote in 1981 — just decades after he committed suicide in 1954.Even Mr. Schwartz, who considers Armstrong the “greatest inventor in radio,” admitted to giving Armstrong short shrift in the past. In textbooks that he had written, Mr. Schwartz said he had attributed advancements to one inventor, only to later discover that Armstrong had made the same discovery and had understood it much better.So Mr. Schwartz reached out to groups like the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Foundation and raised more than $70,000 to get an archivist at Columbia, Jennifer Comins, to organize the material.The collection includes papers outlining his theories; photographs of Armstrong and his many inventions; to-do checklists; reel-to-reel audio; and boxes of material from the many years of litigation between Armstrong and RCA, and Armstrong and Lee De Forest, another inventor, over patent issues.Ms. Comins, who has the help of a graduate student, Jennifer Howard, began the project last December and plans to finish by the end of November. They created a blog that would track their findings and, they hoped, renew some interest in Armstrong.“When I was growing up I heard about Edison and Marconi, and I never heard of him,” said Ms. Comins, 37. “And now I wonder why.”
Twisted radio beams could untangle the airwaves
13 February 2009 by Colin BarrasThe human race is not only exhausting tangible resources such as oil. The radiofrequency spectrum available for wireless communication is becoming the increasingly crowded, with virgin "veins" of frequency running short. However, Swedish physicists say that twisting radio beams into a helical shape as they are transmitted could help ease the congestion. Radio frequency encompasses electromagnetic waves between 3 kilohertz and 300 gigahertz, and as wireless communications technology advances much of that range is being used. Satellite TV, wireless computer networks and cellphones are among the growing technologies vying for space up to 30 gigahertz, with some technology even beginning to extend beyond 100 gigahertz leaving a dwindling supply of virgin terrain to exploit.
Physicist Thomas Leyser at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Uppsala, Sweden, thinks he has a novel solution. Along with an international team of physicists, he has demonstrated that it is possible to put a spin on radio beams during their transmission to produce a twisted beam. "Twisted laser beams have been researched since the 1990s, but it has only now become possible to create twisted beams at the much lower radio frequencies," he says.
Radio twister
That advance could prove important as it provides a new way to encode information into radio transmissions. Leyser says that "the information encoded in the twist is independent of the amplitude and frequency of the radio waves" - the features of a radio wave more normally used to encode data. "It is a feature of radio waves that has not been utilised before." Leyser and his co-workers created the first twisted radio beams at the HAARP facility of 48 radio antennas in Alaska, normally used to investigate the aurora borealis and other features of the atmosphere. "In order to transmit a radio beam, one needs an array of antennas," he explains.
The signal is twisted by firing antennas in sequence to describe a circle, instead of having all of them transmit the same signal at once. "What we did was to feed all the antennas in the array with slightly different currents," says Leyser. Each antenna received an alternating current slightly delayed from the adjacent antenna in the circle. The time delay ripples around the array so that the beam emerges to describe a helical wave front.
Digital bits
To confirm that the radio beam had this characteristic shape, the team studied the effects it had on the ionosphere above the array. "The twisted beams excited plasma turbulence in the ionosphere that was consistent with the ring-shaped beams and different from that excited by regular beams," Leyser says. The twists remain coherent across vast distances - light years, even - and can store information in the form of digital bits (1s and 0s), encoded into the pitch of the twist.
What's not yet clear is how much extra information can be transmitted using twisted beams. In theory, huge amounts of data could be sent, says Leyser. It is possible to use a much smaller array to produce twisted signals, he adds, although most consumer technologies such as cellphones use dipole antennas that cannot produce twisted beams. Larger tripole antennas that can twist their transmissions might be suitable for linking fixed points, though, for example between cellphone towers.
(Journal reference: Physical Review Letters, forthcoming publication)

Il contatore di Blogger mi dice che questo è il millesimo post su Radiopassioni. Ho pensato che per l'occasione fosse appropriata la segnalazione di un libro di Giuseppe Zella intitolato La radio digitale, uscito recentemente per l'editore Sandit. Per certi versi il fatto che Giuseppe presti la sua prolifica e autorevole penna all'argomento delle modulazioni numeriche ha più di un tratto millenaristico. Un segno che nell'hobby della radio sono cambiate tante cose.
Non pensavo che mi sarei imbattuto in una strana, ma fascinosa coincidenza quando l'altro giorno ho letto le due righe che l'amico Christian - il quale in questo momento si starà divertendo col suo nuovo 7000, mentre quella santa di sua moglie scuote pazientemente la testa - mi ha mandato l'altro giorno a proposito di un nuovo tipo di modulazione digitale sperimentata in ambito radioamatoriale:Porto alla tua attenzione (ma son certo non ti sarà sfuggito), il modo WSJT65A che tiene banco ultimamente sulla lista dei knights. Ormai siamo alle trasmissioni di microwatts... Spero di leggerne presto su Radiopassioni.No, la cosa non mi era sfuggita, ma "parlarne su Radiopassioni" mi pareva una cosa complicata, da studiare con attenzione. Premettiamo subito che si sta parlando di un programma software, WSJT, che supporta tutta una serie di modi e protocolli di trasmissione digitale. In particolare WSJT (WS sta per weak signal) è stato studiato per consentire lo scambio di informazioni in due situazioni propagative molto speciali. Una è quella dei collegamenti radio in cui la superficie lunare funge da ripetitore passivo di segnali provenienti da terra (EME o earth-moon-earth, altrimenti detto moon-bounce). "With a total path length of about 500,000 miles, EME is the ultimate DX," scrive la ARRL. L'altra situazione si chiama meteor scatter, le trasmissioni VHF che sfruttano le condizioni di intensa, ma brevissima, ionizzazione determinata dagli sciami meteorici che interagiscono con la nostra atmosfera. Nel primo caso, la EME, i segnali sono estramemente deboli, nel secondo possono essere molto intensi ma anche pazzescamente brevi, addirittura uno o due secondi. L'idea geniale di WSJT consiste nell'utilizzare modulazioni digitali e protocolli ottimizzati per questo tipo di condizioni estreme, utilizzando numerose sottoportanti distribuite su spettri piuttosto ampi, con tecniche di correzione di errore in partenza e sofisticati algoritmi di DSP messi al lavoro in arrivo.
Weak signal work with JT65 is one of those rare areas in amateur radio where we still can learn things and advance the art and science of radio, an increasingly rare thing these days. JT65 is certainly limited in its utility with its very short message lengths and its long transmission/reception intervals, but it's not meant to ragchew or pass traffic. It's meant to push the limits of DSP modulation/demodulation, the limits of receiver and antenna design and, to a certain extent, the limits of an operator's skill and understanding of both the science and art of radio propogation. Those things may lead to technology to better use our spectrum allocations and anything that improves an Amateur's understanding of propgation can only help our effectivness. I've not been this excited about radio since I discovered HF as an SWL around age 8 or 9 back in the early 70s. Beyond satellites, which are increasingly less awe inspiring than in days past, there is little that's truly new, innovative and unique with amateur radio. Winlink, pskmail, aprs, d-star, irlp/echolink and, to a lesser extent, SDR are all interesting facets to an aging and lethargic hobby, but, those systems push few new limits, or if they did at all, have become so commonplace as to be rather boring. Essentially new twists on the status quo.Si sta facendo notte fonda e ancora non siamo arrivati alla famosa coincidenza. È presto detto. Basta andare sulla home page ufficiale del software WSJT per cominciare a sospettare qualcosa. E' una pagina personale ospitata sui server della Princeton University. L'autore, Joe Taylor, si presenta con il suo call di radioamatore, K1JT. Ma è il mirror di WSJT in Europa a svelare il mistero: Joe Taylor è un premio Nobel. Lo ha vinto nel 1993 per le sue ricerche in astrofisica, dopo la scoperta di un nuovo tipo di pulsar. Vi suona familiare? Certo che suona familiare: le pulsar di Joe Taylor sono il punto di partenza del campo di indagine delle onde gravitazionali, come ho cercato di spiegare qui su RP a proposito delle maxi-antenne gravitazionali recentemente inaugurate a Pisa.

Editorial on the recent approval of HD Radio (IBOC) in the USA
On Thursday the 22nd of March, 2007 the Federal Communications Commission approved all facets of digital broadcasting in the USA. In particular, AM stations will soon be authorized to begin 24/7 use of their first adjacent frequencies for digital sidebands.
What this does is open the door to significant interference to all AM stations. A 50kw clear channel station can run a digital transmitter at far more power than would be authorized for any conventional station in that location on those two adjacent frequencies. It will be interesting from a rather perverse sense to see what happens at night..
I have had two HD Radios, and found that the digital signals are very fragile, and cover about half the radius (1/4 the area) of a good analog signal. Electrical noise from many sources like car ignition, light dimmers and bad wiring can easily disrupt things.
The programming is the real draw to a station, and HD Radio on AM will provide no change at all. A talk show in digital "high quality" is still a talk show. In the 35+ years I've been a broadcast engineer, I have seen a small handful of complaints about audio quality. These have always been when there is some correctable flaw, like a hum. Quality is not the issue and never has been.
I saw an interesting comment. Name and location deleted to protect the writer:
"The latest e mail from xxxxxx in xxxxxx said that the reason the big boys in the big markets are so pro IBOC is because they like the hash as it wipes out distant signals getting into their market. There is no way to stop skip, but if the IBOC hash wipes the signal out, then the locals will have to listen to their local station. Kind of like legal jamming. Considering that, then even if the public does not buy the radios, keeping the IBOC signal might be worth their while."Jamming is illegal in many ways. If some entity has manipulated this process to allow it, then appropriate action should be taken to shut it off.
One possible result is many smaller non-IBOC stations refusing to drop power at night in an attempt to keep their current coverage area. Or, installing bigger transmitters to outright cheat to keep the coverage radius they had pre-IBOC. That would make a very interesting case, should it ever go to court. Two wrongs don't make a right, but when one of the wrongs is legalized, all bets are off.
Shouldn't the digital sideband powers be calculated by the same rules as used for analog signals? Just plopping in a new signal on a frequency without any regard for it's interfering effects is a recipe for chaos. No new station could be allocated today without a full allocation study. Why are these new digital allocations exempt? In effect, they are really two new stations in themselves.
What if there are unequal powers allocated for the upper and lower sidebands? For technical reasons, IBOC requires the two sidebands to be of equal strength to minimize interference to the analog signal. Didn't they see all this in the formulation stage? Or did they simply decide to ignore the obvious and forge ahead, oblivious?
There are some stations that have directional arrays that may never be able to be compliant with the specs for IBOC transmission. As a result, they will not be able to run it. Is it fair that some can and some cannot be digital? If digital-only operations are mandated, will these stations be forced to go dark? Is that fair to their communities? It would seem that many small town stations cannot afford the license nor the technical upgrades. Again, if digital is mandated, do these small towns simply lose their station, even if it is the only one? That seems grossly unfair.
Customers are staying away from these radios. Market penetration is very much below the radar. They hope to sell two million HD Radios by the year 2010. That's about how many iPods sell in a month.
Many years ago WLW had a project for HiFi radio. They made sure their transmitting plant was flat out to +/- 20KHz. There were receivers in that time that were up to that task as well. I would dearly love to hear that setup today, and compare it to the HD signal.
Instead of inventing this intrusive technology, they could have spent their efforts on DSP-based receivers to minimize impulse noise and other interference. A good DSP decoder can null out a coherent tone such as a 10KHz heterodyne without a negative effect on the audio. It could also compare the upper and lower sidebands to determine what would give the better sound. It could narrow the bandwidth to the most efficient point for best reception. And, the DSP decoder could look over a wide swath of spectrum to detect wideband noise and remove it. The technology is there, but they chose to ignore it.
Heck, if they could get such a good analog signal decades ago, what happened? What if a station today decided to use the mask designed for IBOC and implement a wideband analog signal? Would it be legal? How would that sound compared to the HD version,. assuming a good wideband receiver could be found? What if it even sounds better than HD Radio?
One of the significant problems of AM these days is the shielding effects of newer steel and concrete building construction. AM simply doesn't penetrate. Why did they think that overlaying a digital signal on the same band would penetrate these buildings any better?
A better overall plan would have been to embrace streaming technology. WiFi access is exploding, and WiFi-enabled iPods will soon be introduced. An iPod can do many things and at less cost than most single-purpose HD Radios. Streaming audio can have much better quality than even the best HD signal. Instead of HD1 and HD2, it is possible to have unlimited streams. The formats that can be streamed by a station are limited only by their resources and imagination, not some technical limit of their transmission medium. Reception of a stream is possible anywhere there's an internet connection, not limited to the coverage radius of a single transmitter. It literally is global. Power costs to run a stream are insignificant compared to a transmitter. No large towers, or arrays of towers are needed. Streaming is far more "green" than IBOC, if you care to look from that perspective. In terms of quality, variety and environment, HD Radio is obsolete right out of the box.
From a business angle, having the FCC mandate a proprietary system is unprecedented. All previous systems for anything were all open source. The technology to create a piece of equipment was there, every parameter. With HD Radio, none of these parameters are public, at least not enough that some clever engineer could roll their own. This is very unfair, and smacks of a monopoly. The whole HD Radio specifications should have been in the public domain. Were someone to reverse engineer this method, no doubt they would be hauled before a judge and significantly fined. All because some company has convinced the federal government that it has the only way to do the job. The parallel would be if the government decided that to drive on the interstate you had to buy a new Buick.
Recently it was announced that there may be pay-to-listen encrypted HD broadcasts. Could this be why they want the system proprietary? So nobody can legally write a decoder to bypass their pay scheme?
In conclusion, I'll relate a conversation I had with someone who has an extensive non-technical radio background. A local Clear Channel GM gave this person an HD Radio. It was tried, and shut off. Decoding the signal was very problematic even within the city grade contour of several stations. This person related to me that HD Radio was a bad joke and a complete waste of time. This was said without me even bringing up the subject. It seems to be a common "joe average" result when a non-radio person tries HD Radio. Too much effort to get a signal. They want to turn it on and get flawless audio, just like their iPod. It doesn't happen, so they simply return the radio for a refund saying it "doesn't work".